Year 9

Identify writing purposes (imaginative, persuasive, informative, analytical); adapt writing for audience and context; state clear propositions; practise literal comprehension by locating stated information; understand how context shapes meaning; apply correct sentence boundaries; identify main and dependent clauses; maintain subject–verb agreement.

Write persuasive arguments using clear contention, sequenced points and conclusion; build cohesive paragraphs using examples, quotations and substantiated claims; identify contention, support, main ideas and details in texts; analyse how authors organise ideas to shape meaning; understand paragraph sequencing and development; use text connectives (cause, contrast, condition, conclusion) to link ideas.

Use evaluative language (direct and indirect) in writing; apply modal verbs to express authority and judgement; write reflective and critical responses; practise inferential and evaluative comprehension; identify bias, perspective and implied viewpoints; analyse evocative vocabulary and language that implies evaluation indirectly.

Manipulate sentence variety for effect; experiment with creative sentence patterning; use active and passive voice purposefully; analyse tone and reader positioning through sentence choices; understand juxtaposition and exaggeration; identify and correct sentence fragments and run-ons; use embedded and interrupting clauses accurately.

Use imagery, simile, metaphor and extended metaphor in writing; apply allegory, symbolism and metonymy for deeper meaning; interpret figurative and symbolic meaning in texts; analyse reader response to imagery; recognise and use irony, parody, understatement, hyperbole and allusion.

Write informative and analytical texts with formal tone; use nominalisation to condense and abstract ideas; select precise and abstract nouns; analyse cohesion across paragraphs and extended texts; follow and evaluate argument flow; understand expansion and compression of time; use nominalisation and abstract nouns as cohesive devices.

Create and edit multimodal and hybrid texts; transform texts across modes (print, digital, visual); analyse visual and multimodal texts for meaning; interpret symbolism in images; identify intertextual references; understand visual sequencing; analyse interaction between words and images.

Edit writing for clarity, cohesion, purpose and audience positioning; refine and publish polished texts; compare and contrast texts; analyse evidence and reasoning; apply punctuation accurately (semicolons, dashes, quotations, referencing); use morphemic spelling strategies; recognise neologisms; use spelling for stylistic, humorous and voice effects.